About head and neck cancer (HNC)

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Overview

HNC broadly refers to tumors that occur in different areas of the head and neck. These areas may include the mouth, lips, tongue, nasal cavity, larynx (voice box), throat, sinuses, and lymph nodes. Head and neck tumors are often made up of abnormal cancer cells known as squamous cell carcinoma, the most common type of all head and neck cancers.

Prevalence

An estimated 71,100 new cases of HNC* are expected to be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2024. It is twice as likely to occur in men than women, and the average age at diagnosis is 64 years old— however, just over 20% of all HNC occurs in individuals under the age of 55. Some data suggests HNC diagnoses may be rising in younger populations due to the prevalence of HPV-related cancers.

*This number is inclusive of diagnoses within the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx.

Signs, symptoms and risk factors

While signs and symptoms of HNC can vary based on the specific location of the tumor, common symptoms may include:

Persistent sore throat or voice change

Lumps or sores in the head or neck area that do not go away

Pain or tenderness in the head or neck area

Difficulty swallowing or eating, which may result in weight loss

Risk factors include:

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Tobacco and alcohol use

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Exposure to viral infections

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Environmental factors

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Genetics